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The present article deals chiefly with the skillful utilization of gear trains in ancient China. The authors analyze chiefly three examples, all of who will be reconstructed for exhibition by the Historical Museum of China. The first example is the water-powered astronomical apparatus equipped with clock-work indicating the day of the month, which was invented by Chang Heng (张衡) in the Han dynasty, about 130 A. D. The second example is the same kind of apparatus invented by I-Hsing (一行) and Liang Ling-tsan(梁令瓒)... The present article deals chiefly with the skillful utilization of gear trains in ancient China. The authors analyze chiefly three examples, all of who will be reconstructed for exhibition by the Historical Museum of China. The first example is the water-powered astronomical apparatus equipped with clock-work indicating the day of the month, which was invented by Chang Heng (张衡) in the Han dynasty, about 130 A. D. The second example is the same kind of apparatus invented by I-Hsing (一行) and Liang Ling-tsan(梁令瓒) in the T'ang dynasty, in the year 725 A.D. And the third example is the south-pointing carriage invented by Wu Te-jen (吴德仁) in the Sung dynasty in the year 1107 A.D. From the above examples, we see that the ancient Chinese scientists already knew the following principles: 1. by using a kind of gear train mechanism that is, by the combination of a number of toothed wheels with different number of teeth, they could obtain a regular and uniform reduction of rotary motion; 2. by using gear trains they could transmit motion from one driver to two or more different followers with different speeds and directions; 3. by putting in or taking out an idler (or an intermediate wheel) between two toothed wheels, they could make the follower connect or disconnect with the driver; 4. by putting in one or several intermediate wheels between the driver and the follower, they could easily change the direction of rotation of the follower and reduce the total space needed by the whole train; 5. by putting in one intermediate wheel between two toothed,wheels having the same number of teeth, they could get them to rotate with the same speed and direction. From all this, we can clearly see that, almost all the important principles relating to gear trains were discovered by our,ancient scientists. 本文主要叙述中国古代对于齿轮系的巧妙应用。详细地分析了三个实例,并将由中国历史博 物馆古代技术工作室把它们都复原出来,在中国历史博物馆里陈列。第一个实例是汉代张衡在公 元130年(永建五年)左右发明的水力天文仪器;第二个实例是唐代一行和梁令瓒在公元725年 (开元十三年)发明的水力天文仪器;第三个实例是宋代吴德仁在公元1107年(大观元年)发 明的指南车。 根据这三个实例,可以知道中国古代的科学家们早已掌握了下列有关齿轮系的原理:1、由 不同齿数的若干个齿轮组成一个齿轮系可以得到很规律的减速运动;2、由一个原动轮的迴 转运动,可以传达到两个,三个,甚至更多的从动轮,得到彼此不同速度不同方向的运动;3、 由一个中轮的嵌入或离开,可以任意使从动轮与原动轮联系或不联系;4、由嵌入中轮的作用, 可以任意变更从动轮迴转的方向并可大大缩小全机构所占的空间;5、两个齿数相同的齿轮,中 间嵌入一个中轮,可以使它们按同一速度和同一方向迴转等。 根据上边所说的一切,我们可以很清楚地看出,所有一般有关齿轮系的主要原理都早已被我 国古代科学家们发现了。 Li Shizhen was a great, well-reputed traditional medical scientist, pharmacologist and naturalist who was respected not only as one of the pioneers in Chinese medical science, but also as a world-famous giant in this aspect.His great work, Ben Cao Gang Mu, is rich in content. Based on the modern achievements in medical science, the present paper is intended to discuss the great contributions made by the ancient Chinese people to the emergency and surgical therapeutics which are well illustrated in the... Li Shizhen was a great, well-reputed traditional medical scientist, pharmacologist and naturalist who was respected not only as one of the pioneers in Chinese medical science, but also as a world-famous giant in this aspect.His great work, Ben Cao Gang Mu, is rich in content. Based on the modern achievements in medical science, the present paper is intended to discuss the great contributions made by the ancient Chinese people to the emergency and surgical therapeutics which are well illustrated in the major drugs for treating all kinds of diseases in Volumes Three and Four of Ben Cao Cang Mu. In doing so, the writer wants to show that the traditional Chinese medical science had made brilliant achievements much earlier than the western medicine. Jt is the writer's sincere hope that by so doing he might do his bit in preserving, inheriting and further developing the valuable experiences of traditional Chinese medicine in the field of emergency and surgical therapeutics and in modernizing traditional Chinese medicine and promoting the combination of traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine.The present paper discusses the following subjects. On the emergency treatment, there are: the technique of emergency treatment of the hanged by means of artificial respiration; the technique of emergency treatment of the drowned by controlling the water; the technique of emergency treatment of those dying of frost by closed chest cardiac warm-heat therapy; the technique of emergency treatment for the snake-bitten by using ligation; the technique of emergency treatment of those caught by acute laryngostasis using fire-needling, hair-pulling and finguretip-biting, etc.. On surgical therapeutics, there are: the technique of grafting the separated organs; the reposition of the slipped-out investines; suturation; drainage; the technique of plint-fixation, etc.. The pharmacological mechanism is also discussed on the basis of the modern achievements of scientific researches. 李时珍是举世称颂的中华民族开化史上负有盛名的医药学家和博物学大师。他所著的《本草纲目》内容丰富,今拟从其卷三、卷四百病主治药中,有关我国古代急救医学、外科治疗学方面的贡献,试运用现代医学成就作初步探讨,以期说明祖国医药学在这些方面较之西医早就卓有成就,并为继承和发扬祖国医学在急救学和外科治疗学方面的宝贵经验,实现中医现代化或促进中西医结合尽微薄力量。本文论及的主要内容为:急救医学方面有抢救缢死者的人工呼吸法,抢救溺死者的控水法,抢救冻僵者的胸外心脏温热疗法,抢救蛇伤者使用的结扎法,抢救急性喉梗阻使用的火针及拔发咬指术等。外科治疗学方面有离体器官再植术,肠出纳入术,缝合术、引流术、夹板固定术等。并用现代医学研究成果,初步阐明其用药机理。 During French Revolution the Leaders paid great attention to development of Science and technology. For several decates after the revolution France was an Leader in science and technology in the world and had quite a few famous mathematicians of the time.This article tells us some moving stories about how Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of the French helped to develop science and cherished scientists. and put them in important position. It describe the dose friendship between Napoleon and some famous mathematicians:... During French Revolution the Leaders paid great attention to development of Science and technology. For several decates after the revolution France was an Leader in science and technology in the world and had quite a few famous mathematicians of the time.This article tells us some moving stories about how Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of the French helped to develop science and cherished scientists. and put them in important position. It describe the dose friendship between Napoleon and some famous mathematicians: G. Monge, J. L. Lagrange. P S. Laplas and J. Fourier. 法国大革命时期,由于政府非常重视发展科学技术,因而革命后数十年法国的科学技术居于世界领先地位,并涌现了一大批世界著名的数学家。本文叙述了拿破仑支持发展科学,重用和爱护科学家的动人情景,并介绍了他与著名数学家蒙日,拉格朗日,拉普拉斯,傅里叶等人的亲密友谊。
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